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Milford Haven (; (ウェールズ語:Aberdaugleddau), meaning "mouth of the two Rivers Cleddau") is a town and community in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is situated on the north side of the Milford Haven Waterway, an estuary forming a natural harbour that has been used as a port since the Middle Ages. The town was founded in 1790 on the north side of the Waterway, from which it takes its name. Designed to a grid pattern, it was originally intended by the founder, Sir William Hamilton, to be a whaling centre, though by 1800 it was developing as a Royal Navy dockyard which it remained until the dockyard was transferred to Pembroke in 1814. It then became a commercial dock, with the focus moving in the 1960s, after the construction of an oil refinery built by the Esso Company, to logistics for fuel oil and liquid gas. By 2010 the town's port has become the fourth largest in the United Kingdom in terms of tonnage,〔(One Wales: Connecting the Nation – The Wales Transport Strategy Welsh Assembly Government, April 2008, page 29 ) Retrieved 17 January 2010〕 and plays an important role in the United Kingdom's energy sector with several oil refineries and one of the biggest LNG terminals in the world. Milford is the second largest settlement in Pembrokeshire, with a population of 12,830;〔(KS01 Usual Resident Population: Census 2001 'Key Statistics for Urban Areas', Office For National Statistics D8271.xls (PDF) line 2540 ) Retrieved 17 January 2010〕 while the 13,086 people in its community boundaries make it the most populous in the county.〔Davies (2008) p 556. 2001 population statistic confirmed at www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Milford: Hakin (Ward) (2309), Milford Hubberston (2390), Milford: North (Ward) (2291), Milford: Central (Ward) (1874), Milford: East (Ward) (2032), Milford: West (Ward) (2190). Due to different methods of reporting, a population total of 13,096 is cited by Pembrokeshire County Council〕 As a Welsh local government community, Milford takes in the town of Milford itself and its suburbs, including Hakin, Hubberston, Liddeston, and Steynton.〔(Milford Haven urban areas ) nomisweb.co.uk〕 The total population of the 6 electoral wards in question was 13,907 at the 2011 census. The natural harbour of the Haven was known as a safe port and was exploited for several historical military operations throughout the second millennium. Campaigns conducted from the Haven included part of Henry II's Invasion of Ireland in 1171 and Cromwell's own attack on Ireland in 1649, while forces which have disembarked at the point include Jean II de Rieux's 1405 reinforcement of the Glyndŵr Rising. In 1485, Henry VII landed at the Milford Haven Waterway before marching on to England. ==History== (詳細はMilford Haven, which was used for several hundred years as a staging point on sea journeys to Ireland and as a shelter by Vikings. It was known as a safe port〔Owen, George. ''The Description of Pembrokeshire'', Gomer Press, 1994. ISBN 978-1-85902-120-0〕 and is mentioned in Shakespeare's ''Cymbeline'' as "blessed Milford".〔(Shakespeare, William; ''Cymbeline'' Act 3, Scene 4 ) The Tech at Massachusetts Institute of Technology〕 It was used as the base for several military operations, such as Richard de Clare's invasion of Leinster in 1167,〔Gibbons, Gavin, ''South Wales Its Valleys, Coasts and Mountains'', Geographia Map Company, 1971. ISBN 978-0092054907〕 Henry II's Invasion of Ireland in 1171,〔Brennan, Joseph J, ''A Catechism of the History of Ireland: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern (1878)'', Kessinger Publishing, 2008. ISBN 1-4367-1986-0〕 and Oliver Cromwell's 1649 invasion of Ireland;〔(4 August 1649 Timeline: British Civil wars ) Retrieved 19 January 2010〕 while forces which have disembarked at the point include Jean II de Rieux's 1405 reinforcement of the Glyndŵr Rising and Henry VII's 1485 landing at the waterway before marching on England. By the late 18th century the two local creeks were being used to load and unload goods,〔(George, Barbara J; ''Pembrokeshire Sea Trading Before 1900'' ) Field Studies Journal; Pg, 5–6; Retrieved 19 January 2010〕 and surrounding settlements were established, including the medieval chapel, and Summer Hill Farm, the only man-made structures on the future site of Milford.〔 Sir William Hamilton, the town's founder, had acquired the land from his wife, Catherine Barlow of Slebech.〔Wing Commander Ken McKay ''A Vision of Greatness: The History of Milford 1790–1990'', Brace Harvatt Associates, 1989. ISBN 978-0-9515212-0-5〕 His nephew, the Hon. Charles Francis Greville, invited seven Quaker families from Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard to settle in the new town and develop a whaling fleet,〔(BBC South West Wales website ) 'A Brief History of Milford', Jon Gower Retrieved 19 January 2010〕〔David Barnes. ''The Companion Guide to Wales'', Companion Guides, 2005. ISBN 978-1-900639-43-9〕 In 1800, following the bankruptcy of the shipbuilding contractor Jacobs & Sons, who had established their shipyard there in 1797, he persuaded the Navy Board's overseer, Jean-Louis Barralier, to lease the site for the Navy Board and develop a dockyard for building warships.〔〔(Encyclopædia Britannica: Milford Haven ) Retrieved 30 January 2010〕 Seven royal vessels were eventually launched from the dockyard, including HMS ''Surprise'' and HMS ''Milford''.〔Edwards, Sybil, ''The Story of the Milford Haven Waterway'', Logaston Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-906663-10-0〕 The town was built on a grid pattern, thought to have been to the design of Jean-Louis Barrallier, who remained in charge of shipbuilding there for the Navy Board.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Archaeology in Wales – Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Dyfed – Dyfed Archaeological Trust )〕〔(Francis Barrallier A_Life in Context ) icahistcarto.org〕 Between 1801 and 1803, the town and waterway were protected by temporary batteries at Hakin Point and south of St Katherine's Church, in response to the perceived threat following the Fishguard Invasion.〔Phillips, Benjamin A ''Pembrokeshire's Forts & Military Airfields 1535 - 2010'', Logaston Press, 2013 ISBN 9781906663735〕 A church was consecrated in October 1808 and dedicated to St Catherine of Alexandria in the underdeveloped eastern side of the town, it remained a chapel of ease until 1891 when Milford became a parish, until that time competing with St Peter and St Cewydd in Steynton.〔 By the start of the 19th century, a mail coach was operating between London and Hubberston,〔Rees, Thomas, ''The Beauties of England and Wales, or, Delineations, topographical, historical, and descriptive, of each county'', Vernor & Hood, 1803 ASIN: B0018X3YSI〕 and in 1800 the short lived Milford and Pembrokeshire Bank was established by Thomas Phillips, operating from a branch in the town. It collapsed in 1810.〔( National Library of Wales Journal. 1977, Summer Volume XX/1 (from GENUKI.org) ) Retrieved 30 January 2010〕 In 1814 the Royal Dockyard was transferred to Pembroke Dock;〔(Extract from ) Bartholomew, John (1887) 'Gazetteer of the British Isles' from Vision of Britain.org Retrieved 30 January 2010〕 though, when Robert Fulke Greville inherited the estate in 1824, a commercial dock was started which became the home of a successful fishing industry.〔(Pembrokeshire Record Office, from 'Archives Network Wales' ) Retrieved 30 January 2010〕 By 1849, the district of Hakin was described as a considerable centre of boat building,〔() Lewis, Samuel (1849) ''A Topographical Dictionary of Wales'' pp. 430–440. From British History Online. Retrieved 30 January 2010〕 and by 1906, Milford had become the sixth largest fishing port in the UK, and its population rose. The ''Pembrokeshire Herald'' claimed in 1912 that "the fish trade is Milford's sole industry....the population of the town has doubled by means of it".〔 In 1863, the railway network came to Milford, linking it to the Haverfordwest line and beyond. In 1866, work was completed on an additional extension which provided access to the docks and ship-breaking yard on the eastern side of the town.〔(Vision of Britain Descriptive Gazetteer entry for MILFORD )", Wilson, John Marius (1870–1872). Retrieved 20 January 2010〕 Between 1875 and 1886 ''The Great Eastern'' was a permanent fixture at Milford Docks, remaining there for lengthy repairs.〔('The Great Eastern' New York Times, 23 May 1886 ) Retrieved 20 January 2010〕 Her arrival into the docks was heralded as an example of the scale of vessel which the town could expect to attract.〔 In the late 1850s, work began on a network of forts on both sides of the Milford Haven estuary, as a direct result of the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom. They were designed with the intention of defending the United Kingdom against French invasion, although were never used for this purpose. Notable examples in the town were Fort Hubberstone in Gelliswick and Scoveston Fort to the north east of the town. By 1901, the town's population had reached 5,102, and by 1931 had further doubled to 10,104.〔(Milford Haven UD: Total Population ) A Vision of Britain Through Time: Population Statistics〕 The early twentieth century saw a period of increased urbanization of the area; in the period from the First World War to 1937, 312 council houses were built, and public services, such as electricity supplies and sewerage, were completed.〔 The steep gradient of the Rath was at this time constructed, and in 1939 a Town Hall was opened on Hamilton Terrace, at that time possessing an inbuilt fire station. 1939 also saw the opening of an outdoor swimming pool on the Rath.〔 During the Second World War Milford Haven was chosen as a base for allied American troops, and roughly 1,000 American military personnel were housed in the town at this time. They manned an amphibious base which included a hospital built in Hakin and a docks complex at Newton Noyes. The base had a complement of 71 officers and 902 enlisted men, and played a rôle in preparations for D Day.〔( "Experience Pembrokeshire Website" ) Retrieved 30 January 2010〕 Despite its strategic importance as the home of a large fish market, a mines depot, a flax factory, and housing numerous military personnel, Milford escaped serious damage from German bombings during the Second World War. In the summer of 1941 a bomb fell in fields near Priory Road, and later that year, a bomb damaged a house in Brooke Avenue. In neither instance were there casualties.〔Richards, Bill, ''Pembrokeshire Under Fire: The Story Of The Air Raids OF 1940–1'', Paterchurch Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-870745-05-1〕 In 1960, the Esso Company completed work on an oil refinery near the town, which opened despite environmental objections.〔(Oil Refinery For Milford Haven ) Article from The Glasgow Herald, 5 November 1957. Retrieved 2 January 2011〕 This was followed by similar developments by many other chief oil companies in a 10-year period. In 1974, Milford could boast an oil trade of 58,554,000 tons, which was three times the combined trade of all the other ports of Wales. In 1996 the area hit the headlines internationally when the oil tanker ''Sea Empress'' ran aground, causing a substantial oil spill.〔(BBC News: The Sea Empress Disaster ) Retrieved 30 January 2010〕 By the early 1980s, the Esso refinery was the second largest in the UK.〔Hughes, Wendy. ''The Story of Pembrokeshire'', Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 1993. ISBN 0-86381-253-8〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Milford Haven」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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